- Pre-Processing Techniques (Oversampling, Undersampling, Reweighting, Synthetic Data)
- In-Processing Techniques (Fairness Constraints, Adversarial Debiasing, Invariant Representations)
- Post-Processing Techniques (Threshold Calibration, Score Adjustment, Reject Option)
- Compensating Controls — Mandatory Human Review & Enhanced Monitoring
- Compensating Controls — Deployment Restrictions & Residual Bias Acceptance
- Data Lineage & Version Control